• icon+90(535) 849 84 68
  • iconnwsa.akademi@hotmail.com
  • icon Fırat Akademi Samsun-Türkiye

Article Details

  • Article Code : FIRAT-AKADEMI-15586-5847
  • Article Type : Araştırma Makalesi
  • Publication Number : 5A0252
  • Page Number : 101-116
  • Doi : 10.12739/NWSA.2026.21.3.5A0252
  • Abstract Reading : 15
  • Download : 5
  • Atıf Sayısı : 0
  • Share :

  • PDF Download

Issue Details

  • Year : 2026
  • Volume : 21
  • Issue : 3
  • Number of Articles Published : 4
  • Published Date : 1.07.2026

Cover Download Context Page Download
Ecological Life Sciences

Serial Number : 5A
ISSN No. : 1308-7258
Release Interval (in a Year) : 4 Issues

EFFECTS OF USING PEA PROTEIN AND WHEAT GLUTEN INSTEAD OF FISH MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED UTILIZATION OF EUROPEAN SEA BASS (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Tuğçe Tunca1 , Sevim Hamzaçebi2

This study evaluated the effects of replacing fishmeal with increasing levels of pea protein and wheat gluten in European sea bass diets over a 20-week feeding trial. Experimental diets contained 45% crude protein and 20% crude lipid. Pea protein (7%–28.3%) and wheat gluten (6.5%–26.2%) were tested at four inclusion levels each. Among pea protein treatments, PEA7 and PEA14 showed the highest survival, whereas CON generally exhibited the best growth performance. Similarly, WG13 and WG19 had the highest survival, while CON showed the highest specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain, and carcass yield. Increasing plant protein inclusion generally impaired growth performance and altered body composition. Whole-body moisture, protein, and ash contents were highest in CON, while lipid content peaked in PEA28 and WG26. Liver composition varied among treatments. Overall, increasing fishmeal replacement with pea protein and wheat gluten negatively affected growth performance and nutrient composition in European sea bass.

Keywords
Alternative Protein Sources, Dicentrarchus labrax, Pea Protein, Plant Protein, Wheat Gluten,

Details
   

Authors

Tuğçe Tunca (1)

tgc.tunca@hotmail.com

Sevim Hamzaçebi (2) (Corresponding Author)

İzmir Katip Çelebi Universitesi. Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Yetiştiricilik Bölümü
sevim.hamzacebi@ikcu.edu.tr | 0000-0002-2179-1900

Supporting Institution

:

Project Number

:

Thanks

:
References
1. Tacon, A.G., (2023). Contribution of fish and seafood to global food and feed supply: An analysis of the FAO food balance sheet for 2019. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 31(2):274–283.

2. Kannadhason, S., Muthukumarappan, K., and Rosentrater, K.A., (2011). Effect of starch sources and protein content on extruded aquaculture feed containing DDGS. Food Bioprocess Technol 4:282–294.

3. Ragasa, C., Osei-Mensah, Y.O., and Amewu, S., (2022). Impact of fish feed formulation training on feed use and farmers' income: Evidence from Ghana. Aquaculture, 558, 738378.

4. Hixson, S.M., (2014). Fish nutrition and current issues in aquaculture: the balance in providing safe and nutritious seafood, in an environmentally sustainable manner. J Aquac Res Development 2014, 5:3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000234

5. National Research Council (NRC).,(2011) Nutritional requirements of fish and shrimp. National Acadamies Press, Washington.

6. Boyd, C.E., Tucker, C., McNevin, A., Bostick, K., and Clay, J., (2007). Indicators of resource use efficiency and environmentalperformance in fish and crustacean aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 15(4):327–360.

7. Pennells, J., Salini, M., Rombenso, A., Simon, C., and Ying, D., (2025). The state‐of‐the‐art of aquafeed extrusion: Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Reviews in Aquaculture, 17(2):e70002.

8. Hasan, M.R., (2010). On-farm feeding and feed management in aquaculture. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter, (45):48.

9. Alemayehu, T.A., Geremew, A., and Getahun, A., (2018). The role of functional feed additives in tilapia nutrition. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 9(2):1g-1g.

10. Hodar, A.R., Vasava, R.J., Mahavadiya, D.R., and Joshi, N.H., (2020). Fish meal and fish oil replacement for aqua feed formulation by using alternative sources: a review. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 23(1):13.

11. Gasco, L., Biasato, I., Dabbou, S., Schiavone, A., and Gai, F., (2019). Animals fed insect-based diets: State-of-the-art on digestibility, performance and product quality. Animals 9, 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040170.

12. Draganovic, V., Van der Goot, A.J., Boom, R., and Jonkers, J., (2011). Assessment of the effects of fish meal, wheat gluten, soyprotein concentrate and feed moisture on extruder systemparameters and the technical quality of fish feed. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol., 165, 238–250.

13. Kraugerud, O.F., Jørgensen, H.Y., and Svihus, B., (2011.) Physicalproperties of extruded fish feed with inclusion of different plant(legumes, oilseeds, or cereals) meals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 163:244–254

14. Stone, N.M., Engle, C.R., Kumar, G., Li, M.H., Hegde, S., Roy, L.A., and Recsetar, M.S., (2024). Factors affecting feed conversion ratios in US commercial catfish production ponds. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 55(3):e13053.

15. Eriegha, O. and Ekokotu, P., (2017). Factors affecting feed intake in cultured fish species: a review. Animal Research International, 14(2):2697-2709.

16. Olsen, R.L. and Hasan, M.R., (2012). A limited supply of fishmeal: Impact on future increases in global aquaculture production. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 27:120–128

17. Aladetohun, N.F., (2013). Sogbesan, O.A. Utilization of blood meal as a protein ingredient from animal waste product in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus. Int. J. Fish. Aquac. 5, 234–237.

18. Jackson, A. and Newton, R.W., (2016). Project to model the use of fisheries by-products in the production of marine ingredients with special reference to omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. A report by IFFO and the University of Stirling, 12.

19. Oliva-Teles, A., Enes, P., Couto, A., and Peres, H., (2022). Replacing fish meal and fish oil in industrial fish feeds. Feed Feed. Pract. Aquac. 231–268.

20. Hardy, R.W. and Tacon, A.G., (2002). Fish meal: historical uses, production trends and future outlook for sustainable supplies.Marine Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996042.0000.

21. Shepherd, C.J. and Jackson, A.J., (2013). Global fishmeal and fish-oil supply: inputs, outputs and marketsa. J Fish Biol, 83: 1046-1066. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12224.

22. Guillaume, J., Kaushik, S., Bergot, P., and Metailler, R., (2001). Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans, Praxis PublishingS Ltd, Chichester, UK,. 408 p.

23. Luthada-Raswiswi, R., Mukaratirwa, S., and O’Brien, G., (2021). Animal protein sources as a substitute for fishmeal in aquaculture diets: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl. Sci., 11:3854.

24. Lin, Z., Yoshikawa, S., Hamasaki, M., Koyama, T., Kikuchi, K., and Hosoya, S., (2022). Effects of low fishmeal diets on growth performance, blood chemical composition, parasite resistance, and gene expression in the tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes. Aquaculture, 560, 738484.

25. Araujo, G.S., Silva, J.W.A.D., Cotas, J., and Pereira, L., (2022). Fish Farming Techniques: Current Situation and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(11):1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111598.

26. Besson, M., Allal F., Chatain B., Vergnet A., Clota F., Ferrari, S., and Vandeputte, M., (2018). Estimation of genetic parameters of feedconversion ratio based on individual phenotypes and genomicdata in sea bass. Proceedings of the World Congress on GeneticsApplied to Livestock Production 11, 426.

27. Boglione, C., Gisbert, E., Gavaia, P., Witten, P.E., Moren, M., FontagneS., and Koumoundouros, G., (2013). Skeletal anomalies in reared European fish larvae and juveniles. Part 2: main typologies, occurrences and causative factors. Reviews in Aquaculture 5, 121–67.

28. Brody, S., (1945). Bioenergetics and Growth. Reinhold Publishing, New York.

29. Nose, T., (1971). Determination of nutritive value of food protein in fish. 111. Nutritive value of casein, whitefish meal and soybean meal in rainbow trout fingerlings. Bull. Freshwat. Fish. Res. Lab., 21, 85-98.

30. Ricker, W.E., (1975). Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull., 191: 1-382.

31. Cheng Chang, A.C., Chen Yung., C., Liou Hwaand, C., and Fing, C., (2005). Effect of Dietary Protein and Lipids on Blood Parameters and Superoxide Anion Production in the Grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Serranidae: Epinephalinae), Pg:2- 23, Depertmant of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.

32. Martínez, A.M. and Vázquez, B.P.C., (2001). Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, México, Reproductive activity and condition index of Holacanthus passer (Teleostei:Pomacanthidae) in the Gulf of California, Mexico, Pg.1-3, Centro Interdisciplinario De Ciencias Marinas, Mexico.

33. Soderburg, L., (2006). Fish Calculation. (December,28, 2006).

34. AOAC, (2010). Officials Methods of Analysis, 17th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.

35. Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J., (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:911–917. https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099.

36. Tibaldi, E., Tulli, F., Messina, M., Franchin, C., and Badini, E., (2005). Pea protein concentrate as a substitute for fish meal protein in sea bass diet. Ital.j.anım.scı. 4(2):597-599.

37. Gouveia, A. and Davies, S., (2000). Inclusion of an extruded dehulled pea seed meal in diets for juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax ). Aquaculture, 182, 183–193.

38. Ganzon-Naret, E.S., (2013). Theuse of green pea (Pisum sativum) as alternative protein source for fish meal in diets for Asian sea bass, Lates calcarife. AACL Bioflux, Volume 6, Issue 4.

39. Robaina, L., Corraze, G., Aguirre, P., Blanc, D., Melcion, J. P., and Kaushik, S., (1999) Digestibility, postprandial ammonia excretion and selected plasma metabolites in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed pelleted or extruded diets with or without wheat gluten Aquaculture 179, 219–233.

40. Messina, M., Piccolo, G., Tulli, F., Messina, C. M., Cardinaletti, G., and Tibaldi, E., (2013). Lipid composotion and metabolism of Europen sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) fed diets containing wheat gluten and legume meals as substitutes for fish meal. Aquaculture, 376-379, 6-14.

41. Apper, E., Weissman, D., Respondek, F., Guyonvarch, A., Baron, F., Boisot, P., Rodiles, A., and Merrifield, D.L., (2016). Hydrolysed wheat gluten as part of a diet based on animal and plant proteins supports good growth performance of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), without impairing intestinal morphology or microbiota. Aquaculture, 453, 40–48.

42. Pereira, T.G. and Oliva-Teles, A., (2002). Preliminary evaluation of pea seed meal in diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Aquaculture Research, 33, 1183-1189.

43. Sanchez-Lozano, N.B., Martinez-Llorens, S., Tomas-Vidal, A., and Jover Cerda, M., (2011). Amino acid retention of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) fed with pea protein concentrate. Aquaculture nutrition, 17; e604-e614.

44. Thiessen, D.L., Campbell, G.L., and Adelizi, P.D., (2003). Digestibility and growth performance of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with pea and canola products. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9, 67-75.

45. Collins, S.A., Desai, A.R., Mansfield, G.S., Hill, J.E., Van Kessel, A.G., and Drew, M.D., (2012). The effect of increasing inclusion rates of soybean, pea and canola meals and their protein concentrates on the growth of rainbow trout: Concepts in diet formulation and experimental design for ingredient evaluation. Aguaculture, 344-349, 90-99.

46. Øverland, M., Sørensan, M., Storebakken, T., Penn, M., and Krogdahl, A., (2009). Pea protein concentrate substituting fish meal or soybean meal in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) - Effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass composition, gut health, and physical feed quality. Aquaculture, 288, 305–311.

47. Storebakken, T., Shearer, K.D., Baeverfjord, B.G., Nielsen, T., Åsgård, T., Scott, T., and De Laporte, A., (2000). Digestibility of macronutrients, energy and amino acids, ansorption of elements and absence ofintestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, fed diets with wheat gluten. Aquaculture, 184, 115–132.

48. Helland, S.J. and Grisdale-Helland, B., (2006). Replacement of fish meal with wheat gluten in diets for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus): Effect on whole-body amino acid concentrations. Aquaculture, 261(4):1363-1370.